Like many regional African conflicts during the late twentieth century, the Mozambican Civil War possessed local dynamics but was also exacerbated greatly by the polarizing effects of Cold War politics. Civil war, a violent conflict between a state and one or more organized non-state actors in the state’s territory. The Sierra Leone Civil War was an armed conflict in the West African country of Sierra Leone from 1991 t0 2002. The war began on March 23, 1991, when the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) under Foday Sankoh, with support of Liberian rebel leader Charles Taylor and his group, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NFPL), attempted to overthrow the government of Sierra Leonean President … Causes of Sierra Leone's Civil War. Bordering countries are Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya. It also points out that in Africa, failed institutions are also a cause. Since the end of the Cold War, civil war has become the predominant form of violence globally (Wallensteen and Sollenberg, 2000; de Soysa, 2001; Collier and Hoeffler, 2002). Estimates of total civilian deaths during the civil war vary widely, ranging from 700 to 100,000 direct killings and from 600,000 to 1 million war-related deaths overall. The Somali Civil War (from 1980 to date) The Somali Civil War is an armed conflict ongoing in Somalia, the war started since 1991 after the overthrow of the dictator the person of Siad Barre by the clan-based armed opposition groups. The history of West Africa is a series of conflicts: Most of the states have seen civil wars (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast), coups d’état (Gambia, Niger, Guinea) as well as ethnic and religious clashes (Benin, Nigeria, Mali) since gaining independence. https://prezi.com/qfo4dxhizt2d/what-are-the-main-causes-of-civil-wars-in-africa African nations are known for having huge international debts, corruption of public funds, and poor flow of private capital. Why Have West African States Been So Prone to Conflict Over the Past Generation? Civil war seemed to be inevitable. The report claims that temperature rises in Africa have coincided with significant increases in the likelihood of war. CAUSES OF CIVIL WAR IN NIGERIA AND ITS EFFECTS. To improve stability in Africa the U.S. and other nations must implement policies that correct the long-term effects of colonialism and the cold war. SUBJECT TERMS Governance, ethnicity, civil war, poverty, corruption, peace building 16. It has been said that the 21st Century will be recorded as the bloodiest of all centuries to date. This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. This theory rejects the idea that civil wars are caused by ethnic, religious or other socio-demographic factors. *Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford yCentre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford, 21 Winchester Road, Oxford OX2 6NA; e-mail: anke.hoeffler@economics.ox.ac.uk We investigate the causes of civil war, using a new data set of wars … 14 articles on “Conflicts in Africa” and 1 related issue: Conflicts in Africa—Introduction Last updated Wednesday, May 12, 2010. Warming increases the risk of civil war in Africa is the title of a new research paper tabled in the Proceedings of the United States National Academy of Sciences. Oil and Diamonds as Causes of Civil War in sub-Saharan Africa Under what Conditions? SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. 15. 2011 Libyan civil war – 25,000–30,000 killed Post-civil war violence in Libya – over 1000 killed Libyan Civil War (2014–present) – thousands killed See also. Then people on average were living mere 37 years. The Mozambican Civil War (Portuguese: Guerra Civil Moçambicana) was a civil war fought in Mozambique from 1977 to 1992. Does climate change cause conflict? gained is often fleeting; conflict remains inevitable. The root causes of the civil war in Liberia can be traced back to the founding of the country in 1847, after the American Colonization Society had started to ship back freed slaves from the Caribbean and America to the west coast of Africa in 1820. In this paper, we investigated whether civil wars in Africa have economic and political causes. From the Nigerian Civil War to the Somali Civil War, these 20th Century conflicts submitted civilians to intense physical and psychological trauma that negatively Sadly, Africa is a continent that has been continually plagued by the effects of ethnic conflict (civil war, genocide). Included in the concept are cases in which repressive measures and government policy meld to deny or restrict access to productive resources and income, as in the case of forced relocation in several African and Asian civil wars, and the discriminatory practices associated with legal frameworks or social practices of discrimination, such as apartheid in South Africa (Heggenhoughen 1995). The model is based on the Collier-Hoeffler “greed” and “grievance” theory in which rebels will conduct a civil war for “loot-seeking” and “justiceseeking” reasons. It really depends on who you ask. List of conflicts in Africa; List of modern conflicts in the Middle East; References Read Also: CIVIL WAR IN AFRICA: CAUSES AND SOLUTIONS 2020. Also, all of the 15 most deadly conflicts in 2001— “Since 1960, almost all civil wars have been in developing countries, whose economic growth and development are apt to be impeded by resulting human capital losses, reduced investments, infrastructure destruction, and market-activity disruptions,” stated Todd Sandler. They argue that the causes for such conflicts are primarily economic and not grievance based. South African War, also called the Second Boer War or the Second War of Independence, war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner) republics--the South African Republic (Transvaal) and the Orange Free State--resulting in British victory. From the conflict between the southern Igbo and the northern Hausa in the Biafra War, to the ethnic cleansings in Darfur and Rwanda, Africa has suffered tremendously as a result of ethnic discord. The conflict in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, which I visited over the last week of April, has killed somewhere between 3.5 and 5.4 million people since 1996. The Major Causes of War in Nigeria is traced down to the attempted secessions of the southern region or province of Nigeria and also religious, economic, ethnic, and cultural tensions between the Hausas of the Northern region of Nigeria and the Igbos of the eastern part of Nigeria. A World Bank report notes that politics and poverty cause civil wars, not ethnic diversity. Fearon and Laitin looked at 127 civil wars from 1945 to 1999, most often in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. For example, of the 25 major armed conflicts listed by the Stocholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) in 2000, all except two were internal. One of the most influential studies on civil war is that by Collier and Hoeffler. Greed versus Grievance: the causes of civil war. During this period, the risk of civil war has been systematically related to a few economic conditions, such as dependence upon primary commodity exports and … President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has told several prominent individuals, former executives of Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS) and a number of former Heads of State attending ECOWAS International Conference in Monrovia that the root causes of civil conflicts in Africa are associated mainly with bad governance, lack of respect for human rights, socio-economic Ongoing violence between the national army and forces loyal to the leaders of the northern Tigray region has prompted fears that Ethiopia is on the brink of a civil war. The chief cause of this war, in the end, was a power struggle between the popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Causes of the civil war in Angola Ethnic and social tensions Prior to the arrival of independence, tensions in Angola were about ethnic differences and conflicts, as well as the confrontation between the MPLA and FNLE forces against the Portuguese army as part of the War of Independence of Angola, begun in 1961 and Whose end would give almost instantaneous beginning to the civil conflict. It was one of the bloodiest and most prolonged civil wars of modern history, lasting for nearly twenty-seven years. Causes of the Congolese Civil Wars and their implications for Humanitarian Assistance 4 patrons or from investors willing to invest”23 is no longer dependent on taxation of domestic productive sectors.24 In the majority of Sub-Saharan states primary resources and foreign aid represent a basic means of power allocation. Prior to the civil war in 1990, Sierra Leone's life expectancy was even lower than it is today. This paper presents an economic perspective on the causes of civil war, based on empirical patterns globally over the period 1965-99. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc. Armed conflicts in Africa during the twentieth century caused an enormous loss of human life, the collapse of socio-economic systems, and the degradation of health and education services across the continent. There have been over 9 million refugees and internally displaced people from conflicts in Africa. Hundreds and thousands of people have been slaughtered from a number of conflicts and civil wars. Liberia Civil War. The Congo Civil War, or Congo Crisis, was a complex political tumult that began just days following Belgium’s granting of Congolese independence in 1960. The Causes of Somalia’s Civil War (Fall 2102) Somalia is located in Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. Using logit models the propositions were tested empirically. Of the many socioeconomic causes of conflict in Africa, the main cause of the unending conflict originates from the bad economic performance of the countries. 2 If not indicated otherwise, Africa and sub-Saharan Africa will be used interchangeably henceforth. Matthias Basedau German Institute of Global and Area Studies Tim C. 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