[191] As of 2012[update], the system has 39 km (24 mi) of track. [90] which was already not dissimilar to a tetrarchic capital of the Roman Empire. [74] Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017. [79] The earliest mention of the city comes from an Athenian inscription from the 1st century BC, attesting Astiu ton Serdon, i.e. According to the 2011 census, people aged 20–24 years are the most numerous group, numbering 133,170 individuals and accounting for 11% of the total 1,202,761 people. Cinema is the most popular form of entertainment: there were more than 141,000 film shows with a total attendance exceeding 2,700,000 in 2014. Popov, Dimitar (ed.). Atrakcje w Sofia, Sofia Region: zobacz w serwisie Tripadvisor recenzje i porady podróżników i zdjęcia miejsc, oraz co można robić podczas pobytu w tym miejscu. The Iskar flows north toward the Balkan Mountains, passing between the eastern city suburbs, next to the main building and below the runways of Sofia Airport, and flows out of the Sofia Valley at the town of Novi Iskar, where the scenic Iskar Gorge begins.[42]. Excavation work carried out during construction of the metro unveiled a treasure trove of Roman ruins from nearly 2000 years ago, when the city was called 'Serdica'. In 339 BC Philip II of Macedon destroyed and ravaged the town for the first time. The Georgi Dimitrov Mausoleum, where Dimitrov's body had been preserved in a similar way to the Lenin mausoleum, was demolished in 1999. Among the architects invited to work in Bulgaria were Friedrich Grünanger, Adolf Václav Kolář, and Viktor Rumpelmayer, who designed the most important public buildings needed by the newly re-established Bulgarian government, as well as numerous houses for the country's elite. Of these 864 do not have any water supply and 688 have other than communal. Sofia is the 13th largest city in the European Union. The birth rate per 1000 people was 12.3 per mille and steadily increasing in the last 5 years, the death rate reaching 12.1 per mille and decreasing. [199] The city also hosts 23 of Bulgaria's 51 higher education establishments and more than 105,000 university students. [185], Public transport is well-developed with bus (2,380 km (1,479 mi)),[186] tram (308 km (191 mi))[187] and trolleybus (193 km (120 mi))[188] lines running in all areas of the city. ", "Where are world's deadliest major cities? However, due to the bad communication between the private offshore company that runs the resort and Sofia municipality, most of the ski areas have been left to decay in the last 10 years, so that only one chairlift and one slope work. [198] Consequently, traffic and air pollution problems have become more severe and receive regular criticism in local media. [184], Sofia Airport handled 7,107,096 passengers in 2019. The report also noted that no industrial pollution monitoring stations operate in Sofia, even though industrial facilities are active in the city. In summer, the city generally remains slightly cooler than other parts of Bulgaria, due to its higher altitude. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and has many mineral springs, such as the Sofia Central Mineral Baths. In 1879 there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. However, the end of the old administration and centrally planned system also paved the way for chaotic and unrestrained construction, which continues today. [3][75] The city has a history of nearly 7000 years,[76] with the great attraction of the hot water springs that still flow abundantly in the centre of the city. Winters are relatively cold and snowy. Vitosha is in the south; the Balkan Mountains define the valley's northern fringes. BAS is the centrepiece of scientific research in Bulgaria, employing more than 4,500 scientists in various institutes. We have reviews of the best places to see in Sofia. The earliest tribes who settled were the Thracian Tilataei. [69], Sofia has been an area of continuous human habitation since at least the 30th millennium BC. The origin is in the Greek word sophia (σοφία) "wisdom". Two functioning cable cars provide year long access from the outskirts of the city. Sofia Municipality is identical to Sofia City Province, which is distinct from Sofia Province, which surrounds but does not include the capital itself. Stalinist Gothic public buildings emerged in the centre, notably the spacious government complex around The Largo, Vasil Levski Stadium, the Cyril and Methodius National Library and others. [52] The warmest year on record was 2019 with an annual temperature of 11.9 °C (53 °F).[53]. The highest recorded temperature is 41 °C (106 °F) (5 July 2000 and 24 July 2007).

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