Handling written classified information is generally straightforward. Procedures for declassification of materials are complicated. For example, in Canada, information that the U.S. would classify SBU (Sensitive but Unclassified) is called "protected" and further subcategorised into levels A, B, and C. On 19 July 2011, the National Security (NS) classification marking scheme and the Non-National Security (NNS) classification marking scheme in Australia was unified into one structure. All classified defence documents will now have both a Swedish classification (Kvalificerat hemlig, Hemlig, Konfidentiell or Begränsat Hemlig), and an English classification (Top Secret, Secret, Confidential, or Restricted). The U.S. government uses three levels of classificationto designate how sensitive certain information is: confidential, secret and top secret. more. This is mandated by the 2011 Information Access Law (Lei de Acesso à Informação), a change from the previous rule, under which documents could have their classification time length renewed indefinitely, effectively shuttering state secrets from the public. Classified information can be designated Top Secret, Secret or Confidential. Such a level is also known as "Private Information". (thin Black border), Table source: US Department of Defense (January 1995). The Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (which is not operative in the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau) makes it a crime to release a state secret. It is common for written documents to contain information that is classified at different levels, including unclassified information. Other issues are not as obvious. Top Secret: applies when compromise might reasonably cause exceptionally grave injury to the national interest. Since the late twentieth century there has been freedom of information legislation in some countries, whereby the public is deemed to have the right to all information that is not considered to be damaging if released. Documents marked Sensitive Cabinet, relating to discussions in Federal Cabinet, are treated as PROTECTED at minimum due to its higher sensitivity. The other designations refer to information the disclosure of which could cause “serious” (secret) or “exceptionally grave” (top secret) damage to national security. However, the president has ultimate declassification authority and may declassify anything at any time. The State Department uses the phrase “sensitive but unclassified,” while the Department of Defense and the Department of Homeland Security use “for official use only.” These markers are often seen in the headers and footers of documents just like classified designations. For example, the marking ATOMAL, is applied to U.S. The purpose of classification is to protect information. This page was last edited on 14 October 2020, at 14:52. This is because the information is low-impact, and therefore does not require any special protection, such as vetting of personnel. PROTECT is not in itself a security protective marking level (such as RESTRICTED or greater), but is used to indicate information which should not be disclosed because, for instance, the document contains tax, national insurance, or other personal information. In addition to the general risk-based classification levels, additional compartmented constraints on access exist, such as (in the U.S.) Special Intelligence (SI), which protects intelligence sources and methods, No Foreign dissemination (NOFORN), which restricts dissemination to U.S. nationals, and Originator Controlled dissemination (ORCON), which ensures that the originator can track possessors of the information. A special case exists with regard to NATO UNCLASSIFIED (NU) information. COSMIC is an abbreviation for "Control Of Secret Material in an International Command".[15]. These classifications are only used on matters of national interest. Information in these compartments is usually marked with specific keywords in addition to the classification level. Jeffrey Fields receives funding from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the MacArthur Foundation. The U.S. government uses three levels of classification to designate how sensitive certain information is: confidential, secret and top secret. Protected A (Low-Sensitive protected information): designates low sensitivity information that should not be disclosed to the public without authorization and could reasonably be expected to cause injury or embarrassment outside the national interest. The United States government classification system is established under Executive Order 13526, the latest in a long series of executive orders on the topic. When a government agency or group shares information between an agency or group of other country's government they will generally employ a special classification scheme that both parties have previously agreed to honour. Dissemination of classified information to foreign agents or powers is punishable by up to life imprisonment, if such dissemination threatens Romania's national security.[31]. Classified information is sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people. In general, the system used in Hong Kong is very similar to the UK system, developed from the Colonial Hong Kong era. The purpose of classification is to protect information. This is not a classification level. A plethora of pseudo-classifications exist under this category. Protected B (Particularly Sensitive protected information): designates information that could cause severe injury or damage to the people or group involved if it was released. [5] Such material would cause "exceptionally grave damage" to national security if made publicly available. "National Industrial Security Program - Operating Manual (DoD 5220.22-M)" (PDF). Some corporations and non-government organizations also assign levels of protection to their private information, either from a desire to protect trade secrets, or because of laws and regulations governing various matters such as personal privacy, sealed legal proceedings and the timing of financial information releases. There are bound to be complications and revelations – accidental or otherwise. Authority to take certain pieces of information, say the existence of a weapons program, and classify it top secret is given only to specific individuals. Pretoria, Gauteng, Stellenbosch University Experiential Education Conference Several U.S. presidents have leaked sensitive information to get their point across to the public.[2][3]. [7], April 17, 1947 Atomic Energy Commission memo from Colonel O.G. Presented by Professor Wanda Markotter, Director of the Centre for Viral Zoonoses in the Faculty of Health Sciences, at the University of Pretoria, Stellenbosch University Experiential Education Conference, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. Presented by Professor Wanda Markotter, Director of the Centre for Viral Zoonoses in the Faculty of Health Sciences, at the University of Pretoria

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