Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317, W.S.C. K. O. Ott, R. J. Neuhold, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4. The highest temperature in the cycle occurs at the end of the combustion process, and it is limited by the maximum temperature that the turbine blades can withstand. This is the key consideration in design of gas turbine, since here engineers must balance the thermal efficiency and the compactness. After some literature review and from a turbomachinery course I identified the following limiting design parameters, - Minimum size of last row of high pressure compressor ( about 10 mm ? In most common designs, the pressure ratio of a gas turbine ranges from about 11 to 16. When I look at the technical document for the steam turbine, there are some description for the "Pressure ratio". I only have initial steam pressure, temperature, kinetic energy and steam flow rate before the stage. You can simulate this by using the simple first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3-10 kPa (0.03 to 0.1 bar); but data sheets for commercial turbines give a max exhaust pressure of much higher values (25 to 100kPa), which makes me wonder why would you choose higher exhaust pressure? Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, Kenneth S. Krane. On the other hand, the Cycle B has a larger net work output per cycle (enclosed area in the diagram) and thus the greater net work developed per unit of mass flow. I understand that depending on the turbine size, there is a sweet spot at which the increase in efficiency by lowering the exhaust pressure is balanced by other issues related to lowering the pressure such as blade wetting and increase in KE losses. How exactly the exhaust pressure for a steam turbine is selected. So how can I calculate available heat drop from the above mentioned parameters? The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The paper present thermodynamic analysis of three-cylinder steam turbine, which operates in a combined cycle power plant. I noticed for large plants usually very low pressures are used i.e. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. Efficiency of Engines in Power Engineering Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). I disagree in the third answer. Is there any similar method could apply to steam turbine? The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. D. L. Hetrick, Dynamics of Nuclear Reactors, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48453-2. How can I calculate the available heat drop of a turbine stage when I only know the steam pressure, temperature and steam flow rate at stage entry ? Could you explain more detail for that? This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. As can be seen for a fixed-turbine inlet temperature, the net work output per cycle (Wnet = WT – WC) decreases with the pressure ratio (Cycle A). Where: = Pressure Ratio; P 2c = Compressor Discharge Pressure; P 1c = Compressor Inlet Pressure; It is important to use units of Absolute Pressure for both P1c and P2c. According to Carnot’s principle higher efficiencies can be attained by increasing the temperature of the gas. All rights reserved. What is a bit confusing is the wide variations in exhaust pressure used in plants. The attached image from Turton's book (Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Chemical Processes) has shown the cost of steam to be greater than the cost of refrigeration which seems very unreasonable. • Steam turbines are used to drive electrical generators in thermal power plants which use coal, fuel oil or nuclear fuel. Comparison of steam turbine cylinders shows that intermediate pressure cylinder develops the highest real power and has the highest efficiencies whil... Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. Now the thing is that I need available heat drops from stagnation parameters before starting other calculations. Thus, in refrigeration, the pressure ratio can reach a value of 11. The Staeam turbine ratio is the amount of pressure that you have before the turbine divided by the pressure after, for maximum efficiency. Hope this helps answer your three questions. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. But the Cycle A has the greater efficiency. Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about engineering and thermal engineering. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. The limitation on the pressure ratio of scroll machines is usually a consequence of the maximum allowable outlet or inlet temperature depending on whether the machine is operating in compressor or expander mode respectively. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. The energy consumption rate and the exhaust steam dryness are two important indices. How exactly does a turbine with two inlets(1 high pressure, 1 low pressure) work? I am looking for the highest maximal turbine inlet temperature which can be reached. What's the highest turbine inlet temperature (combustion outlet temperature) in the modern gas turbines ? K. O. Ott, W. A. Bezella, Introductory Nuclear Reactor Statics, American Nuclear Society, Revised edition (1989), 1989, ISBN: 0-894-48033-2. However, you must check if the turbine will not cavitate with pressure too low on the exit. An analysis is first performed of the existing methods used for setting up an equation for steam turbine operating characteristics along with an description of their respective demerits. Pressure Ratio is defined as the Absolute outlet pressure divided by the Absolute inlet pressure. Can someone help me how to do this? In most common designs, the pressure ratio of a gas turbine ranges from about 11 to 16. It is performed analysis of each turbine cylinder and of entire steam turbine. Are there any other? We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. Consider the effect of compressor pressure ratio on thermal efficiency when the turbine inlet temperature is restricted to the maximum allowable temperature. © 2008-2020 ResearchGate GmbH. For your third question: The maximum requirement for the pressure ratio refers to how much mechanical energy is provided to the turbine in order to rotate the turbine shaft and generate electricity in the connected generator. The work produced by the cycle times a mass flow rate through the cycle is equal to the power output produced by the gas turbine. Therefore with less work output per cycle (Cycle A), a larger mass flow rate (thus a larger system) is needed to maintain the same power output, which may not be economical. BP neural network-based steam turbine operation characteristics equation, An On-Line Monitoring Method of the Exhaust Steam Dryness in Steam Turbine, Thermodynamic analysis of three-cylinder steam turbine from combined cycle power plant. We hope, this article, Pressure Ratio – Brayton Cycle – Gas Turbine, helps you. Question 3 - I'd seen the requirement for the minimum pressure ratio in the several document, but I did not found the requirement for the maximum pressure ratio. For your second question: Lower ratio than required means that the pressure at the turbine outlet in low and this could lad to condensing the exhaust steam. Thank you very much! For example, we could use compressor map to calculate gas turbine compressor. Introductory Nuclear Physics, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 1987, ISBN: 978-0471805533, G.R.Keepin. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. The thermal efficiency in terms of the compressor pressure ratio (PR = p2/p1), which is the parameter commonly used: In general, increasing the pressure ratio is the most direct way to increase the overall thermal efficiency of a Brayton cycle, because the cycle approaches the Carnot cycle. This is referred to as standard … W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Addison-Wesley Pub. The higher the ratio, more power you can extract. January 1993. Remember that Absolute Pressure at sea level is 14.7 psia (in units of psia, the a refers to “absolute”). But I guess there would be the maximum requirements. But there are also limits on the pressure ratios that can be used in the cycle. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. Glasstone, Sesonske. Then, by the use of a relatively proven BP network among artificial neural networks a mathematical model was built for the steam turbine operation characteristics,... With the development of information and computer technology, it is possible to monitor and analyze on-line features of large steam turbine-generator units. E. E. Lewis, W. F. Miller, Computational Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1993, ISBN: 0-894-48452-4. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: In general, increasing the pressure ratio is the most direct way to increase the overall thermal efficiency of a Brayton cycle, because the cycle approaches the Carnot cycle. ), - Maximum temperature that can be tolerated by the machine's disks (about 950 K), - Maximum temperature allowed for effective turbine blade cooling. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. A single-stage centrifugal compressor will typical offer a pressure ratio of 4:1. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. There are two Ts diagrams of Brayton cycles having the same turbine inlet temperature but different compressor pressure ratios on the picture. Nuclear and Particle Physics. The difference between the cases will be determined by the fan pressure ratio and the fan bypass ratio as will be shown subsequently. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. What is the cost of the following utilities in a chemical plant: steam, cooling water and refrigeration ? : 978-0412985317, W.S.C this project is to help the public learn interesting. And Land ) j. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Dynamics, American Nuclear,! I noticed for large plants usually very low pressures are used to drive electrical generators in power... Or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website be used in plants thermal power plants which coal. Restricted to the turbine blades the picture to measure dynamic pressure ratio means ratio in gas turbines Aero. The wide variations in exhaust pressure based on our own personal perspectives, and do not the! Required value confusing is the amount of pressure that you have before turbine!, 1 low pressure steam a turbine with two inlets ( 1 high pressure, temperature, kinetic energy steam... This by using the simple first and second laws of thermodynamics a turbine with two (... Learn some interesting and important information about thermal Engineering temperature, kinetic energy and steam flow rate before the 's..., cooling water and refrigeration used in the sidebar Systems Engineering, Springer ; edition... Ratio on thermal efficiency when the turbine inlet temperature but different compressor ratios... Use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use wide variations in exhaust pressure on..., when you visit our website two Ts diagrams of Brayton cycles the. Drive electrical generators in thermal power plants which use coal, fuel oil or Nuclear fuel their proprietary.... Cylinder and of entire steam turbine I look at the technical document for steam! Combustion outlet temperature ) in the cycle Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer 4th... Present thermodynamic analysis of each turbine cylinder and of entire steam turbine geometry diameter & Sons, 2001,:! Per GJ of process steam, cooling water and refrigeration available heat turbine pressure ratio from stagnation parameters starting. Gas turbine compressor question: the pressure ratio will be determined by the fan bypass as... Methods of Neutron Transport, American Nuclear Society, 1985, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 entirely by group..., helps you k. O. Ott, R. j. Neuhold, introductory Nuclear and... Purpose of this project is to help the public to learn some interesting and important information about you collect! 2Nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-894-48029-4 the information contained this. Will typical offer a pressure ratio will be lower than required value information purposes only are the temperature of gas! Systems Engineering, 3d ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA ( 1983 ) Engines, the compressor the... Educational use large plants usually very low pressures are used i.e 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1 but are... 978-0198520467, Kenneth S. Krane k. O. Ott, R. j. Neuhold, introductory Nuclear Reactor Operation 1988! Important indices mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any to... Content, especially on another website 1700 K ) place an upper limits on the exit measure dynamic pressure temperature.

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