Much of the theoretical, analytical, and practical literature on the new regionalism revolves around gaining a deeper understanding of these conventions and agglomeration effects and their roles in the formation of learning economies and regional innovation systems. How to balance these countervailing forces in actual regional worlds of production and reproduction, maximizing one while minimizing the other, has become the central intellectual and practical–political challenge for the new regionalism.

Seen as active developmental forces as well as distinctive social formations, regions significantly affect our lives in ways that go well beyond physical–environmental influences, resource availability, or relative locational advantage. Migrant work and remittances can be an important source of income increase and diversification. An example of a rather popular index in this framework is the Human Development Index which represents the welfare position of regions or nations on a 0–1 scale using quantifiable standardized social data (such as employment, life expectancy, or adult literacy). These indicators are more social in nature and are often used in United Nations welfare comparisons. By contrast, newer growth-theoretic models have emerged based on endogenous and neo-Schumpeterian interpretations of economic growth. Additional steps for preparing the regional development framework will be: The Capital Area Regional Planning Commission strengthens the region by engaging communities through planning, collaboration and assistance. These in turn translate into large disparities in living standards. To this end, models are developed to examine the location of profit-maximizing firms often in a world of increasing returns and imperfect competition, drawing on analyses of the impacts of increasing returns, forward- and backward-linkages, external economies, endogenous growth, product differentiation, external diseconomies, etc., to generate imaginary economic landscapes (Figure 5).

Exogenous influences such as those arising from globalization and national policies significantly shape subnational regional development, but more attention is being given to endogenous social and spatial forces and to the role of regionally specific assets, those particular local qualities that distinguish one region from another and help link the region into the global cultural and political economy. With the use of concentrated deconcentration in regional development strategies policymakers intended to encourage economic activity and raise the level of welfare within regions. Endogenous regional development is a concept and strategy for the economic development of regions both in advanced and developing countries. P. Breathnach, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. From Marshall through to Solow and Kuznets, there has been recognition that, directly and indirectly, technology changes economic activity and economic activity changes technology in constant rounds of change. Space, spatiality, and spatial organization is an integrated dimension in these processes, and therefore the geographies of regional development are much more than the external environments and ‘stages’, which geography all to often is limited to deal with. These conducive conditions emerge largely through local social conventions, various kinds of social relations and associations, now often bundled under such terms as social capital, that help to create and sustain atmospheres of mutual trust, solidarity, and understanding. Some even suggested that Jacobs deserved the Nobel Prize in economics for her discovery and began to label her version of urbanization economies ‘Jane Jacobs' externalities’. This means that regional development was, and in some contexts still is, seen as a marker for the effort to overcome imbalances and unevenness within the territory of a state. To meet these challenges, there must be an effective response to the growing critiques of the new regionalism, especially its tendencies toward a narrow economism that overemphasizes success stories and the positive effects of generative regional economies; as well as its premature dismissal of underdevelopment theory, the continued importance of core-periphery relations, and the early lessons learned about the interdependency of spread and backwash. Soja, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. It is an integrated approach taking account of economic and social interdependencies, and it emphasizes a sustainable use of natural and other resources. Demographically, young, immigrant workers can help to offset the workforce shrinkage in aging societies. Implemented strategies could be judged unsuitable for that they did not address the actual problem(s) of the region; they could be infeasible due to the absence of enabling factors (e.g., financing and effective planning powers); they could be unrealistic if they were based upon unjustified assumptions; or they could be invalidated in case they got compromised by too many, often conflicting secondary aims. These are, in other words, examples of how contemporary social sciences understand the making of societies, which is an interdisciplinary effort, even beyond the many facets of human geography. Studies using various proxies and indicators for technology and innovation have found a clear relationship between regional innovation, levels of prosperity, and economic growth. However, over time, the meaning of the word ‘technology’ has come to include less tangible innovation processes relating to improved methods of organization and practice, that is, described as disembodied technological change. Next, a more contemporaneous contribution will be offered on the modern drivers of regional development, viz. It can be defined as action and practice (rather than science, technique, or art) of disposing with order, through the space of a country and in a prospective vision, people and its activities, amenities, and means of communication they can use, taking in consideration natural, human, and economic (and even strategic) constraints in order that functions and relations between the people can be exerted in the most easy, economic, and harmonious way. The region was a domain in which things happened, a stage for the playing out of such processes as economic development and cultural nationalism. Persistent spatial welfare disparities are a source of frustration for both economists and policymakers. However, although such models have acknowledged the private nature of technology in terms of patents and monopoly power, it still treated technology as being exogenous. Second, there has been the realization that monopoly rents over technology remain incomplete and temporary. Innovation, far from taking a uniform, rootless, and spaceless nature in this more globalized era, is influenced by its context and will remain highly uneven, distinctive, and differentiated in form. More dynamic and propulsive, and also more difficult to measure in hard econometric terms, are what Marshall called urbanization economies, something in the very nature or atmosphere of urban life that creates impulses toward creativity and innovation, and hence toward expanded and sustained productivity. Third, economic geography, with its main focus on the performance of firms, increasingly took over the field in the 1980s and especially the 1990s, also taking noneconomic factors into considerations in explaining regional development. Innovations are therefore not evenly distributed over the whole economic system at random, but tend to concentrate in certain sectors and their surroundings.
He distinguished between two externality effects (operating outside the individual firm and production unit). The framework prioritizes nine strategic efforts both aligned with the following strategic priority areas and aimed at advancing racial equity, particularly for people who identify as Black, Indigenous, or people of color (BIPOC). There would be no economic or cultural or political development without the stimulus of urban–regional agglomeration. Innovation will therefore be a strong disequilibrating factor in the processes of economic growth, giving rise to the pervasive differential growth rates between geographical areas. The Framework will be based around a model of investment in regional NSW that: Provides quality services and infrastructure in regional NSW – ensuring a baseline set of services across regional NSW

However, there have been further synthetic, moderated developments of such new growth models, in particular in two spheres.

F. Tödtling, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009. Perhaps the biggest challenge for regional planning today is how to make regional economies and societies more innovative and creative, more generative of positive economic and cultural development, while at the same time controlling for the almost inevitable negative spillover effects, the closely associated tendencies toward increasing inequality, exclusion, and social polarization. These include data processing, telephone call centers, and back-office administrative functions.

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