The phonologies of other varieties such as Ordos, Khorchin, and even Chakhar, differ considerably. Köke is the author's native name. Rybatzki, Volker. The thing that really started my interest in Mongolian was going down a rabbit hole on YouTube with videos on Mongolian language and history from channels like NativLang and Feature History. [40] This section discusses the phonology of Khalkha Mongolian with subsections on Vowels, Consonants, Phonotactics and Stress. The Mongol Empire (1206‒1368) was history’s largest land-based empire of all time. The Mongols (ethnic Mongolian speakers) are descendants of the people unified by the great Inner Asian conqueror Genghis Khan (spelled Chinggis in Mongolian) before his death in 1227. Southern Mongolian is said to consist of Chakhar, Ordos, Baarin, Khorchin, Kharchin, and Alasha. Mongolia shares its northern border with Russia. In the 17th to the 19th centuries, the language period was classified as Classical Mongolian. The establishment of Soviet Union helped the influence persisted, and the Cyrillic alphabet was slowly introduced with the effort by Russian/Soviet linguists in collaboration with their Mongolian counterparts. In word-medial and word-final syllables, formerly long vowels are now only 127% as long as short vowels in initial syllables, but they are still distinct from initial-syllable short vowels. Take a look at Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Mongolian in Cyrillic orthography. Mongolian also exhibits a specific type of Differential Subject Marking (DSM), in which the subjects of embedded clauses (including adverbial clauses) occur with accusative case.[80]. 2003c. In Wú Xīnyīng, Chén Gānglóng (eds.). In noninitial syllables, short vowels were deleted from the phonetic representation of the word and long vowels became short. Most often, of course, the predicate consists of a verb. -гийн (giin) is added to all front and back vowel word ending with long vowels. There are several loan translations, e.g., galt tereg 'train' ('fire-having cart') from Chinese huǒchē (火车, fire cart) 'train'. The following description is based primarily on the Khalkha dialect as spoken in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia's capital. It was under heavy military and political influen… The Mongolian vertical script language developed at the end of the 12th century; the oldest extant text dates from roughly 1225. [122] The documents in UM script show some distinct linguistic characteristics and are therefore often distinguished by terming their language "Preclassical Mongolian".[123]. ÖMAKQ Öbür mongγul-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriy-a [, ÖMSKKQ Öbür mongγul-un surγan kümüǰil-ün keblel-ün qoriy-a [, ÖMYSKQ Öbür mongγul-un yeke surγaγuli-yin keblel-ün qoriy-a [, ŠUA [Mongol Ulsyn] Šinžleh Uhaany Akademi [. Consonant clusters do not occur at the beginning or end of words. Basic interrogative pronouns -юу (yuu; 'what'), -хаана (khaana; 'where'), хэн (khen; 'who'), яагаад (yaagaad; 'why'), яаж (yaaj; 'how'), хэзээ (khezee; 'when'), ямар (yamar; 'what kind'), In Mongolian, verbs have a stem and an ending. The sound system of Mongolian Halh has the following basic features: Mongolian has a complex consonant system with 29 consonant phonemes, i.e., sounds that make a difference in word meaning. [135], Only foreign origin words start with the letter L and none start with the letter R.[136], The standard view is that Proto-Mongolic had *i, *e, *y, *ø, *u, *o, *a. It is a written language with many standardized rules about form and syntax, but is quite different from Modern Mongolian, as Modern Mongolian is a little more amorphic in terms of language. In the case of suffixes, which must change their vowels to conform to different words, two patterns predominate. There are fairly complex rules for interrogative and negative forms. English has indirectly or directly borrowed a few words from Mongolian. Mongolian is related to the extinct Khitan language. Indeed, in Romanized transcription of Mongolian, the vowels /o/ and /u/ are often conventionally rendered as ⟨ö⟩ and ⟨ü⟩, while the vowels /ɔ/ and /ʊ/ are expressed as ⟨o⟩ and ⟨u⟩ (this is also the case in the nonphonological sections of this article). Many uninformed and ignorant people like to point out how Mongolians don’t speak Mongolian nor write in their own language, which is FALSE. It is formed by adding one of the following endings to the stem of a word: -д (d), -ад (ad), -ид (id), -т (t). Juha Janhunen (2003: 179)[38] lists the following Mongol dialects, most of which are spoken in Inner Mongolia. [83] Examples: The verbal phrase consists of the predicate in the center, preceded by its complements and by the adverbials modifying it and followed (mainly if the predicate is sentence-final) by modal particles,[84] as in the following example with predicate bičsen: In this clause the adverbial, helehgüjgeer 'without saying [so]' must precede the predicate's complement, üünijg 'it-accusative' in order to avoid syntactic ambiguity, since helehgüjgeer is itself derived from a verb and hence an üünijg preceding it could be construed as its complement. Khamnigan which Janhunen groups as a Central Mongolic language is usually not discussed by other scholars. With its thriving club scene, folk and classical music, and rich traditions of painting, Mongolia’s culture is a unique blend of nomadic and modern. This occasionally results in rather long words.

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