Jesuit Father Giacomo Martina, a professor at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, wrote in a book about Pius's life, "In perspective, the Mortara story demonstrates the profound zeal of Pius IX [and] his firmness in carrying out what he perceived to be his duty at the cost of losing personal popularity." [citation needed] He spent most of his last few weeks in his library, where he received cardinals and held papal audiences. A series of new railway links connected the Papal States to northern Italy. No matter what kinds of problems the pope and the Church faced, Pius IX always turned to God for help and direction. In France, Pius IX created over 200 new dioceses and created new hierarchies in several countries. [45], He visited the hospitals to comfort the wounded and sick but he seemed to have lost both some of his liberal tastes and his confidence in the Romans, who had turned against him in 1848. The Papal States were a theocracy. Juárez had recently suspended payment on foreign debt and seized ecclesial property. The boy was raised in the papal household, and was eventually ordained a priest at age 21.[41]. The beatification of Pius IX was controversial and was criticized by some Jews and Christians because of what was perceived as his authoritarian, reactionary politics; the accusation of abuse of episcopal powers; and antisemitism (most specifically the case of Edgardo Mortara, but also his reinstituting the Roman ghetto).[86]. [citation needed] Italy approved the Law of Guarantees (13 May 1871) which gave the Pope the use of the Vatican but denied him sovereignty over this territory, nevertheless granting him the right to send and receive ambassadors and a budget of 3.25 million liras annually. Return to Rome: Università Gregoriana Editrice, 1974, 1986. Modena: Although Pius hesitated granting a civic guard, [77], Pius IX approved 74 new religious congregations for women alone. While his political views and policies were hotly debated, his personal lifestyle was above any criticism; he was considered a model of simplicity and poverty in his everyday affairs. [38] Huge sums were spent in the discovery of Christian catacombs, for which Pius created a new archaeological commission in 1853. He began his reign devoted to liberal ideals but, embittered by the anticlericalism of Italian liberals and by the assault on papal territories by the new kingdom of Italy, became an important foe of progress and change. During His papal motto, ‘Pax Christi in regno Christi’ (‘The peace of Christ in the kingdom of Christ’), illustrated his work to construct a new Christendom based on world peace. Pius IX further beatified 222 individuals throughout his papacy, including the likes of Benedict Joseph Labre, Peter Claver, and his two predecessors Pope Eugene III and Pope Urban V. Pius IX named three new Doctors of the Church: Hilary of Poitiers (1851), Alphonsus Liguori (1871), and Francis de Sales (19 July 1877). [4], In 1858 in a highly publicized case, a six-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, was seized from his parents by the police of the Papal States. Many of the Pope's subjects wanted to be Italian instead. [11] The conservatives supported Luigi Lambruschini, the late pope's Cardinal Secretary of State. In the Papal States and throughout Italy, organized criminal gangs threatened commerce and travelers, engaging in robbery and murder at will.[32]. war of national liberation, spearheaded by Charles Albert of Piedmont-Sardinia. Pius IX refused to recognize the new kingdom, which he denounced as an illegitimate creation of revolution. [58], Spain – traditionally Catholic – offered a challenge to Pius IX as anti-clerical governments were in power from 1832, resulting in the expulsion of religious orders, the closing of convents, the closing of Catholic schools and libraries, the seizure and sale of churches and religious properties and the inability of the church to fill vacant dioceses. The Papal States were a theocracy in which the Catholic Church and Catholics had considerably more rights than members of other religions.

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