Though Sydney had heavy rainfall in January and February 1895, from March that year drought began spreading widely across New South Wales and Victoria. Despite a very powerful monsoon in the north, heavy rains therefrom during February only broke the drought temporarily, as El Niño developed later that year. In Victoria, an extremely dry six-month spell started in August. By 1903 the national flock had almost halved to 54 million. The combination of overstocking, drought and rabbits meant that pastoralists had nothing left to feed their livestock. Although Yasi was one of the most powerful cyclones to have affected Queenslanders since records commenced, only one cyclone-related death was recorded due to advance warnings and evacuations. Economic depression and labour strikes added to the effect of the drought. Tracy destroyed most of its buildings, which had not long been rebuilt after much of Darwin was destroyed during the Second World War. The Category 4 storm killed 30 people and destroyed most of the town of Mackay with its destructive winds. One of the most destructive storms to slam into the Queensland coast happened in January 1918. Early in September, huge floods occurred on East Gippsland streams as Orbost received 179.9 millimetres (7.08 in) in three days,[4] but inland Victoria and New South Wales had been dry ever since May and the rest of September and October were almost completely dry, leading to another wheat crop failure. However, despite continued heavy rain and flooding in Queensland and the North Coast of New South Wales in March, extremely dry conditions were established over all the rest of southeastern Australia and good rains in South Australia during April and May had little effect inland despite producing heavy rain in Gippsland - which had been rainless since the beginning of the year apart from its February deluge. It was responsible for the death of 435 people. Netley, South Australia: Macquarie Library Pty. The floods, the worse to hit in over 50 years, affected more than 200,000 people across an area as large as France and Germany combined. Michael McKernan, Drought: The Red Marauder, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, NSW, 2005. However, over most of the country rainfall is low and erratic. The early stages of the drought were largely confined to Victoria and Tasmania, but from 2001 onwards it extended to most remaining areas of eastern Australia south of the tropics, as well as to the southwest. ; Results of rainfall observations made in Victoria during 1840-1910: including all available annual rainfall totals from 1,114 stations : together with maps and diagrams; published 1911 by the Ministry of Home Affairs, R. S. G. Rutherford, R. S. G.; "Fluctuations in the Sheep Population of New South Wales, 1860-1940: A Preliminary Study"; in, "Daily rainfall for Orbost (Comparison) in 1896", "Daily Rainfall for Bega (Newton Road) in 1898", "November rainfall for Australia sorted by average", "December rainfall for Australia sorted by average", "August Mean Minimum Temperature for Melbourne Regional Office". Fortunately, 1942 was a year of good general rain, but this was followed by an even worse 1944. Cereal crops, which had constantly failed due to frost and lack of spring rainfall, were exceptionally good due to a wet September throughout southern Australia apart from Tasmania and the Western District. Overall for eastern states 1903 came out as the wettest year since 1894, even if its rainfalls were distinctly short of the high marks of the early 1890s except over western Victoria and parts of South Australia. But after that extremely dry conditions set in over the southern half of the country. This includes the wetter parts of the Murray–Darling Basin stretching into southern Queensland. Now classified as a Category 4 cyclone, Tracy was small but intense at landfall with its radius being only about 50km (30 miles) wide. The Federation Drought, 1895–1902 The five years preceding Federation had been intermittently dry over most of the country. Ltd. 1984, pp 567-568, Bureau of Metrology, Climate education - The Federation Drought 1895-1902, website viewed 5 April 2011. It remains the warmest year on record in a few parts of the Riverina and northern Victoria. With more than 300 people killed, it has the highest death toll from a natural disaster in Australia's history. Parts of western Queensland are also in drought or are drought-affected. The strange and apocalyptic storm was a precursor to the 1983 bushfire disaster a week later, which killed more than 70 people in South Australia and Victoria and destroyed thousands of homes and buildings. In inland districts the first transition to drought began as February and March were distinctly dry. The total rainfall was around 500mm (20in) and the Brisbane River rose 7m (24ft) above the mean spring tide. By now, parts of southwestern Victoria were being declared drought areas. In Australia, the Federation Drought is the name given to a prolonged period of drought that occurred around the time of Federation in 1901. Other parts of eastern Australia, even with a significant improvement over falls between 1895 and 1902, rarely saw rainfall during the 1900s and 1910s nearly so heavy as during the early 1890s. By the end of 1899, El Niño was already producing a very poor northern monsoon, and apart from the southeast December was unusually dry throughout Queensland, and also the Top End and Kimberley. Forests became tinder-dry, leading to the disastrous Black Friday bushfires of January 1939. It is unusual for severe drought to hit the major cropping areas of southwestern and southeastern Australia in the same year. The far north and south of the country come under the influence of reasonably regular rain-bearing systems for at least part of the year. Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. Except in coastal New South Wales, drought became widespread and severe between July and October. The Northern Territory settlement of Palmerston (it was renamed Darwin in 1911) was all but destroyed by a cyclone that blew in from the Timor Sea and struck in the early hours of 7 January. There had been a number of years of below average rainfall across most of Australia before the drought. In Australia, the Federation Drought is the name given to a prolonged period of drought that occurred around the time of Federation in 1901. About this information: taken from Recent rainfall, drought and southern Australia's long-term rainfall decline. AB ‘Banjo’ Patterson, ‘It’s Grand’, 1902: It’s grand to be a rabbit And breed till all is blue, And then to die in heaps because There’s nothing left to chew. The most well known of these are the Federation drought (1895-1903), the World War II drought (1939-45), and the recent Millennium drought (1997 … With the ground cover gone, exposed topsoil was lifted in huge dust storms, which are a feature of most droughts in Australia. This meant record-low rainfalls over various multi-year periods. Intense drought returned to southeastern Australia in 1967. The drought took hold through increasing impacts over a series of years. This led to complete crop failure in some districts, and the lowest Western Australian wheat yield of the century. The Federation drought was one of Australia’s worst droughts. Very dry conditions persisted through spring over eastern Australia, except in coastal areas of northern New South Wales. The most extreme conditions occurred in northern and eastern Tasmania, most of Victoria and border areas of New South Wales, and southern South Australia. There were heavy rains in early January over northern South Australia, and over the rest of that State, except the southeast, in mid-January. Despite 1898 being wet over most of Queensland, it was very dry in the northwestern slopes of New South Wales and much of southern Victoria. With El Niño returning, however, May was very dry in most inland districts, but June was—welcomingly as it turned out—extremely wet in Victoria and northeastern South Australia. It ended squatter-dominated pastoralism in New South Wales and Queensland, as bank foreclosures and the resumption of leases led to the partition of large stations for more intensive settlement and agricultural use. There were rains in South Australia between July and September, but hot, dry conditions returned in October. Christmas brought devastation to the Northern Territory’s small capital once again in 1974 when a cyclone bowled into the city in the early hours of 25 December and flattened 70% of it. A record wet August over New South Wales and adjacent areas of Queensland and Victoria proved no more than a temporary respite. Maps of rainfall percentiles were extracted from the AWAP Climate dataset. There were 173 lives lost in the fires. The city was evacuated and within three weeks three-quarters of its population had left. The 'Federation drought' During the late 1880s and early 1890s, the outback areas of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia were heavily overstocked. The drought began to break in mid-December with heavy general rain in Victoria, and more after Christmas.

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