[50] The ships sailed in convoy, defended by archers and slingsmen (ballestieri) aboard, and later carrying cannons. To make it possible to efficiently row the vessels, the freeboard (the height of the railing above the surface of the water) was by necessity kept low. [94] Under King Henry VIII, the English navy used several kinds of vessels that were adapted to local needs. The Gally family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Bamford, (1974), pp. The eventual creation of cast iron cannons allowed vessels and armies to be outfitted much more cheaply. Any galley with more than three or four lines of rowers is often referred to as a "polyreme". Ottoman galleys were very similar in design, though in general smaller, faster under sail, but slower under oars. Once the enemy strength was judged to have been reduced sufficiently, the fleets closed in, the ships grappled each other, and the marines and upper bank oarsmen boarded the enemy vessel and engaged in hand-to-hand combat. © Copyright: Name Origin Research 1980 - 2017. It was associated with the latest in warship technology around the 4th century BC and could only be employed by an advanced state with an advanced economy and administration. [60] Aside from warships the decrease in the cost of gunpowder weapons also led to the arming of merchants. [145], From the 12th century, the design of war galleys evolved into the form that would remain largely the same until the building of the last war galleys in the late 18th century. [53] The availability of oars enabled these ships to navigate close to the shore where they could exploit land and sea breezes and coastal currents, to work reliable and comparatively fast passages against the prevailing wind. [33], The Battle of Actium in 31 BC between the forces of Augustus and Mark Antony marked the peak of the Roman fleet arm. [182] Rhodes was the first naval power to employ this weapon, sometime in the 3rd century, and used it to fight off head-on attacks or to frighten enemies into exposing their sides for a ramming attack. In 1909, French author Albert Savine (1859–1927) wrote that "[a]fter the Bastille, the galleys were the greatest horror of the old regime". SDB Popularity ranking: The main building of the Finnish Naval Academy at Suomenlinna, Helsinki bears the nickname Kivikaleeri ("Stone Galley") as a legacy of the era. Mott, Lawrence V., "Iberian Naval Power, 1000–1650", pp. Fleets thereby became less dependent on rowers with a lifetime of experience at the oar. [27], The emergence of more advanced states and intensified competition between them spurred on the development of advanced galleys with multiple banks of rowers. *We display top occupations by gender to maintain their historical accuracy during times when men and women often performed different jobs. Gally. Historian Paul Bamford described the galleys as vessels that "must have appealed to military men and to aristocratic officers ... accustomed to being obeyed and served". Some less common occupations for Americans named Gally were Clerk and Winder, View Census data for Gally | Data not to scale. It is the first known engagement between organized armed forces, using sea vessels as weapons of war, though primarily as fighting platforms. [133] During the next few centuries, as the naval struggle with the Arabs intensified, heavier versions with two or possibly even three banks of oars evolved. [184], Despite the attempts to counter increasingly heavy ships, ramming tactics were gradually superseded in the last centuries BC by the Macedonians and Romans, both primarily land-based powers. The larger vessels of the north continued to mature while the galley retained its defining characteristics. The last galleys ever constructed were built in 1796 by Russia, and remained in service well into the 19th century, but saw little action. Attempts were made to stave this off such as the addition of fighting castles in the bow, but such additions to counter the threats brought by larger sailing vessels often offset the advantages of galley. Please note that neither officers Many of them were similar to birlinns, close relatives of longship types like the snekkja. [37], In the eastern Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire struggled with the incursion from invading Muslim Arabs from the 7th century, leading to fierce competition, a buildup of fleet, and war galleys of increasing size. Only three truly major fleet engagements were actually fought in the 16th century: the battles of Preveza in 1538, Djerba in 1560, and Lepanto in 1571. Rachel L. Sargent, "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare", Morrison, Coates & Rankov (2000), pp. [58], Under sail, an oared warship was placed at much greater risk as a result of the piercings for the oars which were required to be near the waterline and would allow water to ingress into the galley if the vessel heeled too far to one side. Sprinting speeds of up to 10 knots were possible, but only for a few minutes and would tire the crew quickly. They were used for raiding, capturing merchants and for dispatches. At nearly 40 m in length, displacing almost 50 tonnes, it was more than three times as expensive as a two-level penteconter. During the middle of the first millennium BC, the Mediterranean powers developed successively larger and more complex vessels, the most advanced being the classical trireme with up to 170 rowers. 48–49. 117–26, Coates, John, "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys", pp. [54] These ships increased in size during this period, and were the template from which the galleass developed. [47], During the 13th and 14th century, the galley evolved into the design that was to remain essentially the same until it was phased out in the early 19th century. Morrison, John S., Coates, John F. & Rankov, Boris, Pryor, John H., "The naval battles of Roger of Lauria" in, Rodger, Nicholas A.M., "The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650. They might have been built in a more regional style, but the only known depiction from the time shows a typical Mediterranean style vessel. [181] Ramming itself was done by smashing into the rear or side of an enemy ship, punching a hole in the planking. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard (clearance between sea and railing). Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. [157] Galleys had little room for provisions and depended on frequent resupplying and were often beached at night to rest the crew and cook meals. Discover our cool and original products with a first name (or even your nickname! [166] In high seas, ancient galleys would set sail to run before the wind. [45], Late medieval maritime warfare was divided in two distinct regions. The cost of gunpowder also fell in this period. Triremes fought several important engagements in the naval battles of the Greco-Persian Wars (502–449 BC) and the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), including the Battle of Aegospotami in 405 BC, which sealed the defeat of Athens by Sparta and its allies. Morrison, John S. & Gardiner, Robert (editors), Alertz, Ulrich, "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Medieval and Later Galleys", pp. Families left for the New World in extremely large numbers. [136] One possibility is that the change occurred because of the gradual evolution of the ancient shell-first construction method, against which rams had been designed, into the skeleton-first method, which produced a stronger and more flexible hull, less susceptible to ram attacks.

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