Defined as the peacetime configuration, its current structure consists of two branches: ground forces and air force. The Mongol bow could shoot an arrow over 500 metres (1,600 ft). Unlike many of their foes, the Mongols also protected their ranking officers well. If one soldier ran from danger in battle, then he and his nine comrades from the same arban would face the death penalty together. They could survive a whole month only by drinking mare's milk combined with mare's blood. Also, when invading an area, the Mongols would do all that was necessary to completely conquer the town or cities. Mongol cavalry archery from Rashid-al-Din Hamadani's Universal History using the Mongol bow. However, since most other armies carried much heavier armor, the Mongols could still outrun most enemy horsemen in battle. [1][2][3] But again they would return over 40 years later and defeat the Egyptian Mamluks at the Battle of Wadi Al Khazandar in 1299 and annex Syria, Palestine as well as Gaza. The Bahadur were the noble Mongol warriors and would likely be drafted into the imperial guard and assigned with a uni like the Kheshig or being involved in that area. Their training and discipline allowed them to fight without the need for constant supervision or rallying, which often placed commanders in dangerous positions. The tumens would typically advance on a broad front, five lines deep. Lamellar armor was worn over the thick coat. Mongolian horses are relatively small, and would lose short-distance races under equal conditions with larger horses from other regions. Mongol soldiers using bow, in Jami al-Tawarikh by Rashid al-Din, 1305–1306. Chainmail and some metal armour could be penetrated at close range by using special heavy arrows. The Mongol cavalry, situated around the around the outside of the tumen, could swiftly advance to the front with little warning, and attack the enemy with a hail of arrows. It was not required of the Boyan to be a blood relative of the Khan like some ranks. For the larger part of the 13th century, the Mongols lost only a few battles using that system, but always returned to turn the result around in their favor. Once the enemy was deemed sufficiently weakened, the noyans would give the order. In dire straits, the Mongol warrior could drink some of the blood from his string of remounts. Heavier equipment was brought up by well organized supply trains. Whenever possible, Mongol commanders found the highest ground available, from which they could make tactical decisions based on the best view of the battlefield as events unfolded. It’s interesting to note that the units share a similar naming structure to the commanding warriors assigned to them. Of course this was not the final size of the Mongol army at its peak, but many of these Tumens would combine to form an Ordu a group of Tumens in unison providing up to 100,000 Mongol warriors, a truly fearsome thought.

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